INDUSTRIALIZATION 
AND NATIONALISM
 

SECTION 1: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Vocabulary:

Capital: Money available for investment.

Entrepreneur: A person interested in finding new work opportunities and new ways to make money.

Cottage industry: A method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes.

Puddling: A process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron.

Industrial capitalism: An economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing.

Socialism: A system in which Society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

People:

James Watt: He  was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution.

Robert Fulton: He was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat.

SECTION 2: REACTION AND REVOLUTION

Vocabulary:

Conservatism: A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion.

Principle of intervention: The idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where that are revolutions to restore legitimating governments.

Liberalism: A political philosophy originally based largely on enlightenment principles.

Universal male suffrage: The right for all males to vote in elections.

People:

Klemens von Metternich: He was a politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era.

Louis-Napoleon: He was the first President of the French Republic and, as Napoleon III, the Emperor of the Second French Empire.

SECTION 3: NATIONAL UNIFICATION AND THE NATIONAL STATE

Vocabulary:

Militarism: Reliance on military strength.

Kaiser: The title of the emperors of the Second German Empire.

Plebiscite: A popular vote.

Emancipation: The act of setting free.

Abolitionism: A movement to end slavery.

People:

Giuseppe Garibaldi: He was an French-born general and politician who played a large role in the history of Italy and the world.

Otto von Bismarck: He was a Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs with his conservative policies.

Queen Victoria: She was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death.

Czar Alexandra II: He was the Emperor of Russia from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881.

SECTION 4: CULTURE: ROMANTICISM AND REALISM

Vocabulary:

Romanticism: An intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century.

Secularization: Indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration.

Organic evolution: A principle by Darwin that every plant or animal changes over a long period of time from simpler forms of life to more complex forms.

Natural selection: A principle created by Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others.

Realism: A movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower-and middle-class life as it actually was.